三亚红树林生态公园，海南/规划设计

As an action of mitigating urban flood risk caused by climate change, the restoration of mangrove along the waterways and coastal shorelines are critical for the tropical city Sanya in China’s Hainan Island. One of the key challenges is to find an efficient and inexpensive method to restore the mangrove habitat extensively that have been destroyed in the past decades due to rapid urban development. Right in the middle of the city and in just three years, an area of lifeless land fill within a concrete flood wall has been successfully restored into a lush mangrove park, where nature and people harmoniously share the meeting of ocean tides and fresh water. The project demonstrates the success of the design strategy based on the ecological processes of wind and water, which produces a designed ecotone made of inter-locked fingers to speed up the natural process of mangrove rehabilitation. Such a mangrove rehabilitation method and be implemented at a large scale efficiently.

▼平面图：形式服从过程。指状相扣的红树林岛将海潮引入，同时避免河水的冲刷和强热带风暴的破坏。

Site plan: form follow processes. The designed ecotones of inter-locked fingers help to induct ocean tides, avoid the fresh water flush and destructive tropical storm

项目说明

PROJECT NARRATIVE

1. 场地、挑战和目标

持续30年的破坏性开发给三亚这座位于海南岛的中国热带旅游城市的景观带来了巨大的破坏。几乎所有建成区的水系都被污染了，四处漂浮着垃圾。城市发展所建造的混凝土防洪墙抹杀了红树林及河漫滩生态系统，并且阻挡了上游雨水和海水的流通，造成严重的城市内涝。与此同时，城市人口增多，特别是外来居民和季节性游客都希望能享受沿河的连续公园带，但目前还没有实现。2015年，市政府决定做一次大改造，邀请景观设计师来设计这个示范性项目：三亚红树林生态公园。

1.Site Challenges and Objectives

Three decades of ruthless development has left Sanya，a tropical tourist city in China’s Hainan Island, a mess of destruction in terms of landscape. Almost all waterways in the developed districts have been polluted and filled with garbage. Concrete flood walls were built to claim land for development that killed the mangroves, wiped out the riparian habitats, and blocked tides from the sea and storm water from the upper land causing urban inundation and reducing the resiliency against climate change. Meanwhile, increased population, particularly seasonal tourists and immigrants are demanding more connected parks along the rivers, which were sadly inaccessible. In 2015, the city government decided to make dramatic changes, and the landscape architect was called upon to design this demonstration project: Sanya Mangrove Park. The method tested in this experimental project will be implemented in other mangrove rehabilitation projects at large scale throughout the region.

场地位于三亚市中心的三亚河东岸，占地约10公顷。研究表明场地内陆和海水交汇处的生态环境十分恶劣。和三亚水系的普遍状况一样，这里的水也被城市径流所污染。高耸的混凝土墙将10公顷的土地围住，场地里随处可见已被政府叫停的建筑项目的垃圾。一条主干道从旁边穿过，路面与水面间高达9米的陡坎让市民无法接近水面。

这次设计的目标为修复红树林生态系统并给其他的城市修补和生态修复项目做示范。设计解决了四大场地问题：一、风：每年的强热带季风可能会影响红树林的恢复，破坏幼苗；二、水：季风期上游汇集的洪水可能冲散刚形成的红树林群落；三、污染：受污染的城市径流可能破坏敏感的红树林幼苗，导致红树林群落物种多样性的降低；四、可游性：需要同时兼顾公众的游憩需求和生态修复。

He site is 10 hectares (2.471 acres) in size, on the east bank of Sanya River that bears the name of the city itself, and in the central area of the city. Analysis shows that the site is also critical in terms of ecological relationships between the sea and inland, where the daily sea tides meet with the fresh water of the river. Typical of the city, the water is polluted due to the urban runoffs. High concrete walls have enclosed the site that is filled with urban debris for a new development project that has been stopped by the government. An artery road runs by, and there is a 9 meter steep drop from the road to the water, challenging public access to the water.

The design objectives are to rehabilitate the mangroves and make the site a park showcase for citywide urban renewal and ecological recovery. Several site challenges have to be addressed: (1) Wind–the strong annual tropical monsoon storms may harm the process of mangrove rehabilitation and destroy the fledging mangrove planting; (2) Water– the upper stream floods from the monsoon storm water may wash away the young mangrove community; (3) Pollution: The polluted urban runoffs may damage sensitive mangrove seedlings and the biodiversity of the mangrove community; (4) Access: public accessibility and natural restoration need to be well integrated.

2.设计策略：形式服从过程

为解决上述场地问题，提出以下设计策略：

(1) 土方平衡：重新利用场地堆填的建筑垃圾和拆除混凝土墙遗留的建筑废料，通过“填-挖”的方式创造不同高度的水位来满足以红树林为主的各类动植物所需的生态环境，形成丰富的驳岸生态系统。

(2) 指状相扣的形态：塑造指状相扣的地形，将海水引进公园，同时也避免了季风期上游洪水的冲击和来自山区、城市的径流污染。这样的形态最大化的加强了边界效应（岸线边界加长了6倍，从700米增加到4000米），0-1.5米的水深变化增加了生境的多样性，涨潮和落潮保障了对水生生物十分重要的动态水环境系统。

(3) 台地和生态廊道：利用道路与水面间的9米高差，建造一系列梯田台地和生态廊道，截流并净化来自城市的地表径流，并设置了不同高度的公共空间。

(4) 适应地形的景观盒子和步道网络：步道网络的设计跟随着地形的变化，一条空中栈道将人带入林上，俯瞰红树林；5个景观盒子被精心地布置在林间景美幽静的位置，在三亚多变的气候下，这些盒子也成为必要的遮荫避雨空间。模块化的混凝土盒子能抵抗强烈的热带风暴，它们被放置在不同的地点，为游人创造最佳观鸟视野。

2. Design strategy: form follows the process

In order to solve the above site problems, the following design strategies are proposed:

(1) Earthwork balance: reuse the construction waste piled up on the site and the construction waste left over from the demolition of concrete walls, create water levels of different heights through the "fill dig" method to meet the ecological environment required by various animals and plants dominated by mangroves, and form a rich revetment ecosystem.

(2) Finger linked form: shape finger linked terrain, introduce seawater into the park, and avoid the impact of upstream floods and runoff pollution from mountains and cities during the monsoon period. This form maximizes the boundary effect (the shoreline boundary has been lengthened by 6 times, from 700 meters to 4000 meters), the change of water depth of 0-1.5 meters has increased the diversity of habitats, and the rising and falling tides ensure the dynamic water environment system, which is very important to aquatic organisms.

(3) Terraces and Ecological Corridors: using the 9-meter height difference between the road and the water surface, a series of terraced terraces and ecological corridors are built to intercept and purify the surface runoff from the city, and public spaces of different heights are set up.

(4) Landscape box and footpath network adapted to the terrain: the design of footpath network follows the change of terrain. An air plank road brings people into the forest and overlooks the mangroves; The five landscape boxes are carefully arranged in the beautiful and quiet position in the forest. Under the changeable climate of Sanya, these boxes have also become necessary shading and rain shelter spaces. Modular concrete boxes can resist strong tropical storms. They are placed in different places to create the best bird watching vision for tourists.

▼场地现状条件：场地位于海潮最高水位边界，曾经的红树林群落被粗暴的城市开发和混凝土驳岸破坏了，场地里的建筑废料和垃圾随处可见。

The preexisting conditions: the site is at the upper limit the ocean tide can reach, the former natural mangroves had been destroyed by careless urban development and concrete embankment, and was piled with construction debris and garbage

▼指状岛的形态设计大大加强了边界效应（水岸线从700米扩展到4000米，深度从0到1.5m范围内波动），随着潮汐变化创造动态的水环境。

The designed ecotone of inter-locked fingers dramatically enhances the edge effects (water edge length increases from 700 to over 4000 meters, and water depth varies from 0 to 1.5 meters), and creates a dynamic aquatic environment following the rise and fall of tides

▼重新利用场地堆填的城市建筑垃圾，拆除防洪墙遗留的混凝土废料，通过填-挖方创造不同水位来适应以红树林为主的各类动植物的生长和栖息，形成丰富的驳岸生态系统。

The former land fill of construction debris and concrete materials from the demolition of the flood wall are recycled on site, and by mean of cut-and-fill, ecotones of inter-locked fingers are created for diverse fauna and flora, particularly different species of mangroves

▼建成两年半后的红树林公园（2018年11月）。在这张航拍照片中，海潮从最上端的入口被引入指状岛中，再从右下角流出。

The established mangrove park in just two and half year after its construction (November, 2018). The ocean tides are inducted into the inter-locked fingers of water ways from the singular inlet at the uppermost end and runs out at the lower right corner in this aerial photo

▼河边的指状岛专门用来保护野生动物，而城市旁的公园则可供居民使用。步道和场地空间随着地势起伏而变化。观鸟、遮阴、观景用的景观亭设置在最佳地点。

While ecotone fingers by the river side are reserved for wild lives, the park at the urban side is made accessible for recreational uses. Paths and places are designed following the terrain. Pavilions for bird watching, shading and viewing are strategically positioned

▼利用道路与水面的9米高差来设置梯级净化系统，结合生态廊道截留净化来自城市道路和地面的雨水，同时在不同高度设置活动空间。

Making use of the 9 meter drop from the urban road to the water level, terraces integrated with bio-swales are created to catch and filtrate stormwater from the pavement and road, meanwhile creating public places at different elevations

▼修复后的红树林公园成为市中心的一片城市绿洲，周边环绕着高层住宅。居民们在亭中观察仅几米之外的白鹭或是喂鱼。

The ecologically restored mangrove park become an oasis right in the middle of the city, surrounded by skyscapes of residential buildings. Residents take leisure in the pavilions watching white egrets feeding fishes just feet’s away across the waterway

▼景观亭位置优越，可以在此观鸟、钓鱼。它们是这片宽阔绿色景观中的焦点，同时也为游客提供可休息的场所。

The pavilions are strategically located for birdwatching and fishing. They become focal points in the massive green landscape and provide resting places for visitors

▼这是其中一个预制混凝土景观亭，它可以抵抗热带风暴，为市民提供观鸟场所，以及在不同天气状况下提供庇护或是遮荫（图中两个家庭正在此避雨）。

One of five pavilions of modulated concrete that are designed to be resistant to strong tropical storm.They provides shelter and shading in the changeable local weather, and refuges for bird watching (two families are taking shelter from the rain)

▼这是预制混凝土景观亭中的一个，能遮挡正午刺目的阳光，清晨朝阳和傍晚落日的柔光却可以洒进来。一对夫妇正在凉亭里享受日落。

One of five pavilions of modulated concrete that are designed in such a way so that the harsh sunlight in the middle day can be effectively blocked and the morning and sunset light can penetrate through. A couple is enjoying the sunset in the pavilion.

▼景观亭不仅为游客提供遮荫和庇护的场所，这也是一种艺术装置，从不同的视角看过去，可以欣赏它不同的姿态。

The self standing pavilion not only provide shading and shelter for visitors, but is an artistic installation that has different facades seen from different viewing points.

▼经过精心设计的景观亭，位置优越，可以让游客在白天、夜晚不同的时间里，都能欣赏风景。在喧闹的城市中，既可以与家人和朋友在此聚会，也可以享受独处的宁静。

The pavilions are strategically located and sensitively designed for visitors to experience the landscape day and night. They are the places for family and friend gathering as well as for solo enjoyment of the tranquility right in amid the noisy city.

▼水面与城市道路之间的9米高差为场地设计带来挑战。坡道可以将游人带至水边，享受在修复后的红树林中的沉浸式体验。

The 9 meter drop from the urban road to the water is a challenge for access design. A universally accessible ramp is designed to allow visitors to get down to the waterfront to have in immersive experience of the rehabilitated mangrove

▼被设计为坡道的空中步道，为游人创造在红树林树冠间穿梭的体验。

A skywalk is designed as a ramp to create an experience of walking above the mangrove canopy that connect the urban road with the park

▼该公园已成为当地居民的日常休闲去处，也是当地的生态修复展示区，不仅有益于自然环境，而且能够提供公共服务。无论是在夜晚还是在热带晴朗的天气里，这里对于当地居民来说都极富吸引力。

The park has become a daily recreational place for the local communities, and a showcase of ecological restoration that not only benefits the natural environment, but the public welfare, and is particularly attractive in the night for the local residents tourists in the clear tropical weather

结论

Conclusion

本案获得了巨大的成功，建成后仅3年就达到所有设定目标。指状岛内的红树林长势良好，鱼鸟在这里栖居，每年吸引着各年龄段的游客。三亚红树林生态公园成为了市民的日常活动场所。生态修复不仅展示了其对于自然的种种好处，也带来了公共服务的巨大提升。就像其中一个景观盒上的标语所写的那样：绿水青山就是金山银山。

This project is a great success. Just three years after its construction, its objectives have been fulfilled. The mangroves within the interlocked fingers have established well. Along with the flourishing mangroves, fish and birds are abundant, attracting visitors of different ages. The park has become a daily recreational place for the local communities, and a showcase of ecological restoration that not only benefits the natural environment, but the public welfare. The approach tested in this experimental project has been implemented in other mangrove rehabilitation projects at large scale throughout the region.