游牧空间：湾头桥乡镇中心，武冈/建筑 - 魏春雨

魏春雨

办公会议|文化体育

荣获奖项：中国建筑学会建国60周年建筑创作大奖两项 | 2017全国优秀工程勘察设计行业奖建筑工程一等奖 | 国家教育部优秀建筑设计一等奖 | 2016《世界建筑》WA建筑成就奖

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湖南省长沙市岳麓区

魏春雨，东南大学建筑设计及其理论博士，现任湖南大学建筑学院院长、教授、博士生导师，地方工作室主持建筑师。

项目标签

项目名称：

游牧空间：湾头桥乡镇中心

文章分类：

建筑设计-综合商业

项目地址：

湖南

项目年份：

2019年

湘西南中心的一座古城武冈，曾是通往川黔滇桂的交通要寨，也是通商要埠，集市繁荣。湾头桥镇是湖南邵阳武冈市下辖乡镇。地方政府在完成乡镇政务中心、乡镇卫生院等村镇级公共服务设施建设之后，开始建设乡镇级综合服务平台（也称乡镇中心）这一扶贫安置计划的配套工程，计划为从远乡僻壤穷困地区迁徙至此定居的贫困户提供谋生场所。

Wugang, an ancient city in the center of southwestern Hunan, was once an important transportation hub to Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Guangxi. It was also an important commercial port and the market was prosperous. Wantouqiao is a town under the jurisdiction of Wugang City. Local government has begun to build an integrated service platform after it has completed the construction of public service facilities such as township government centers and health centers. This platform aims to be a supporting project for the poverty alleviation and resettlement plan to provide livelihoods for underprivileged immigrants.

▼田野·集场·乡镇，Field, Market, Township © 地方工作室

湾头桥乡镇中心以赶集场所常见的单元式棚架为空间原型，通过提取、重构与转译，群构成为具有综合属性的永久性公共建筑，以代替临时性、非规范化、引发混乱和隐患的马路市场。乡镇中心从功能上提供了包含商贸中心（集市）、物流中心、电商中心、客运中心等一站式服务功能的平台；从空间上填补乡镇公共空间的普遍缺失；从时间上延续了农村赶集的民俗历史传统；从经济上刺激乡村产业振兴；从文化上是增强乡镇凝聚力的精神中心。

The Wantouqiao Township Center takes the unit scaffold structure which is commonly used in the market place as the spatial prototype. The group is constituted as a permanent public building with a complex system to replace temporary, non-standardized, chaotic and dangerous street market by the way of extraction, reconstruction and translation. The township center functionally provides a platform with one-stop service including a business center (market), a logistics center, an e-commerce center, a passenger transportation center, etc.; It spatially fills the lack of public space and continues the tradition of customs in terms of time; Moreover, it stimulates the revitalization of rural industries economically; culturally, it is the spiritual center to enhance the cohesion of the township.

▼轴测分析图，axonometric analysis diagram © 地方工作室

▼交通游线分析，circulation analysis diagram © 地方工作室

露天集市和农业本身一样古老，它并非农村社会所独有，一旦摆脱自给自足的农业，开始专门从事农业和贸易，农业直销商的习惯性游牧行为，开始入侵城镇任何开放空间。广场、角落和街道市场成为嵌入城市经济体系的乡村游牧社区，作为商业和社会生活的场所，历史上它们一直是城镇生活的中心。游牧空间理论认为围棋的棋子有一种匿名的、集体性的或第三人称的功能，围棋的子就是一个要素，它们不具有内在的属性，而只有情境的属性。作为一种光滑的游牧空间，它没有中心化的组织结构，没有明确的起始和结束，没有等级也没有高潮，随着时间处于变动和生成的游离状态。

Open-air bazaars are as old as agriculture. It does not exist only in rural society. Once it starts to specialize in agriculture and trade rather than self-sufficient agriculture, nomadic behavior of agricultural distributors began to invade any open space in the town. Squares, corners and street markets have become rural nomadic communities embedded in the urban economic system. As places for business and social life. It has always been the center of urban life in history. According to the theory of nomadic space, the chess pieces have the function of anonymity, collectivity or the third person. The chess pieces of go are an element. They have no inherent attribute, but only the attribute of the situation. As a kind of nomadic space, it not only has no centralized organizational structure, no clear beginning, no grade, no climax, but is in a free state of change and generation with time.

▼露天市场，Outdoor Market © 高雪雪

集市的单元棚架作为多元体的集群，如同围棋棋子密集的排布在一起组成某种情境，随着棚架数量的增加其空间和实质的丰富度趣味性也随之增加。人们可以从任意位置进入集市，这并不影响对集市的体验。湾头桥乡镇中心以匀质空间的群构作为设计的切入点，并以此回应场地的原生关系，而非强行置入的“异物”。

As a collection of many elements, the unit scaffolding of the market is a kind of language formed by the dense arrangement of chess pieces. With the increase of the number of scaffolding, the richness and interest of its space and essence also increase. People can enter the market in any direction, which has no impact on the experience of the market. The Wantouqiao Township Center takes the group structure of homogeneous space as the starting point for design, and responds to the site, rather than the forced “foreign body”.

▼设计意象分析图，Design concept analysis diagram © 地方工作室

乡镇集场是匀质的小尺度商业空间，集合在一起形成规模可达万人的大型商业群。空间单元的匀质性源于农村地区生产和销售的小型化、家庭作坊化，与之相适应的空间是可以方便拆卸运输和架设的小型轻质棚架，匀质而小巧的商业单元对不同形状和尺度的场域都有极强的适宜性。匀质象征着农村社会较为均等的社会结构关系以及匀质的地理肌理。因此设计以农村集市常见的简易棚架为空间原型，用匀质空间形态统合较为纷杂的功能。既保持市场活力，又能通过空间的秩序来产生一定的市场约束。由混凝土浇筑的坡顶和两片坚实插入土地的混凝土墙组成门型单元不断重复构成建筑的基本逻辑，有序列感的单元弥补了乡镇空间环境中普遍缺失的井然有序和仪式感。

Township market is homogeneous small scale commercial space, which gathers to a large commercial group with a scale of up to 10,000 people. The homogeneity of the space unit originates from the production and sales of small and family-oriented workshops in rural areas. Therefore, for this market, a small lightweight scaffold structure that is easy to disassemble, transport and erecting is needed. This kind of uniform and small commercial unit is suitable for fields of varies shapes and scales. The homogeneous space symbolizes the relatively equal social structure and geographical texture of the countryside. Therefore, our design takes the scaffolding structure which is common in rural markets as the space prototype, and integrates the chaotic functions into homogeneity spatial forms. This not only maintains the vitality of the market, but also produces certain market discipline through the order of space. The basic logic of this design is composed of the concrete pouring slope top and two solid concrete walls inserted into the ground. These units make up for missing sense of sequence and ritual.

▼集场大棚，Township market © 胡骉

在农村仪式感曾是很重要的事情，许多农村风俗仪式活动如节庆、婚嫁、丧葬都离不开仪式感的空间。传统乡建例如祠堂、寺庙、合院中的轴线、院落、开口、厅堂是举行仪式的重要空间节点和场所。伴随乡村传统建筑空间的消失，乡村生活中的仪式也在淡化。当今很多乡土仪式逐渐淡化，但是人心对于仪式感受的需求，一点都没有改变。仪式并不一定意味着一系列与特定文化或宗教相关或特定的事件。

The sense of ceremony used to be an important thing in the countryside. Many rural customs and activities such as festivals, weddings, and funerals are inseparable from the space of ritual sense. Traditional village buildings or space such as ancestral halls, temples, axes, courtyards, openings, and halls are significant spatial and places for ceremonies. With the disappearance of traditional space, the rituals in rural life are also faded. However, the demands of residents for ritual have not changed.

▼台阶与桥梁，Steps and Bridge © 胡骉

在日常生活中，它已经成为一个用来描述一系列行为的术语，可能像在街上散步或冥想一样司空见惯。并且当被定义为一个空间中的重复动作时，仪式就变成了一种有节制的、集中于日常生活的方法。与此同时地方感被所谓的反复发生的事件所强化。赶集作为乡镇日常性事件，是乡土记忆的重要载体，设计意图通过空间、材料与事件的关联建构人们对于乡土场所的认同感。通过抽象拟合诸如：戏台、廊桥、阁楼、古塔、晒谷场等地方传统空间，使人与所熟悉的环境建立一种新的认识与对话。

The word “ceremony” here does not simply mean a series of events related to or specific to a specific culture or religion, but a term used to describe a set of behaviors in daily life, which may be as common as wander on the street or meditating. When defined as a repetitive action in space, ritual becomes a controlled, focused approach to everyday life. At the same time, the sense of place is enhanced by this recurring event. As a daily event in the township, the fair is an important carrier of rural memories. The design intends to construct people’s sense of identity towards the local place through the connection of space, materials and events. Moreover, by subtly fitting local traditional space in such as stage, bridge, attic, ancient pagoda, and threshing floors, people can establish a new understanding and a new dialogue with the familiar environment.

▼细部图解，Detailed diagrams © 地方工作室

▼塔，Tower © 高雪雪

▼露天市场局部，detail of the outdoor market © 高雪雪

▼从室外平台望向内街，Looking at the inner street from the outdoor platform © 高雪雪

混凝土给建筑注入了现代感和冷峻的格调，红砖则给人乡村特有的温润与热情，两种材料形成的反差产生了戏剧效果。因为工程造价的极度节俭以及施工工艺的不可控，在设计细节时着意考虑可实施性与经济性并重，以一种节制的方法形成细节和趣味。传统店铺的镂空排门作为另一种原型提取，通过材料置换、形体简化演化成门型单元下高低不同和角度变化的镂空墙。镂空减弱了砖墙的厚重感，产生半透明性，每当黄昏在低入射角光线的作用下光与影生动了起来。

The contrast between the two materials has a dramatic effect. Concrete brings modernity and austere style into the building, while red brick gives people the characteristic warmth and enthusiasm of the countryside. Due to the extreme frugality of the project cost and the uncontrollable construction process, the design details are deliberately considered to be both practical and economic, developed a detailed and interesting design in a controlled way. Hollow row doors of traditional stores are extracted as another prototype, and they update to hollow walls with different heights and angles under the door-shaped units through material replacement and simplification of shape. The hollowing reduces the weight of the brick wall and produces translucency. Whenever in the dusk, low incidence light brings vivid change of light and shadow.

▼市场如同阳光普照的土地，The market is like a sunny land © 高雪雪

▼市场中心的流通空间，The circulation space in the market center © 地方工作室

乡镇中心从关注经济到文化延伸再到场所精神建构，在这过程中乡镇的凝聚力也就形成了。如同宗亲社会的祠堂、商贸初期的会馆曾经在农村社会的不可替代，乡镇中心以赶集仪式为媒介，重塑那个已经离散的精神家园。

In the process of the township center from focusing on the economy to cultural heritage to the construction of place spirit, the cohesion of the township is also formed. It is similar to the ancestral temple in the clan society or the guild hall in the early stage of trade, which is irreplaceable in the rural society today. The town center uses the market ceremony as a medium to rebuild the scattered spirit of this place.

▼总平面图，master plan © 地方工作室