冬奥会延庆赛区规划及场馆设计，北京/建筑

2022-02-10 14:29:19建筑设计,文化体育,文化建筑 , 现代风格

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冬奥会延庆赛区规划及场馆设计

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延庆赛区

Yanqing Zone

延庆赛区作为北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会三大赛区之一，其核心区位于北京市延庆区燕山山脉军都山以南的海坨山区域、小海坨南麓山谷地带，南临延庆盆地，邻近松山国家森林公园自然保护区。赛区所在位置山高林密，风景秀丽，谷地幽深，地形复杂，建设用地狭促。

As one of the three competition zones for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games, the core area of the Yanqing Competition Zone is located in the valley at the southern foot of Xiaohaituo, south of the Jundu Mountains in the Yanshan Mountains in Yanqing District. It is bordered by the Yanqing Basin to the south and is adjacent to the Songshan National Forest Park Nature Reserve. The location of the race area is high in the mountains and forests, with beautiful scenery, deep valleys, complex terrain, and the cramped and limited land for construction.

▼2022年北京冬奥会各赛区位置示意

Location map of the competition zones for The Beijing 2022 Olympics

延庆赛区主要举办高山滑雪、雪车雪橇2个大项、21个小项的比赛，将产生21块冬奥会金牌，约占冬奥会金牌总数的1/5；产生30块冬残奥会金牌，约占冬残奥会金牌总数的3/8。延庆赛区用地面积799.13hm2, 其中建设用地面积76.55hm2, 总建筑面积26.9万m2。延庆赛区核心区将集中建设两个竞赛场馆—国家高山滑雪中心、国家雪车雪橇中心和两个非竞赛场馆——延庆冬奥村、山地新闻中心，以及大量配套基础设施，是最具挑战性的冬奥赛区。

The Yanqing Competition Zone mainly hosts two significant events, alpine skiing and sliding (Bobsleigh, Skeleton and Luge) two main sports, containing 21 minor events. There will be 21 Winter Olympic gold medals awarded in the Yanqing Competition Zone, representing about 1/5 of the total number of Winter Olympic gold medals, and 30 Paralympic gold medals, representing about 3/8 of the total number of Winter Paralympic gold medals. The area of Yanqing Competition Zone is 799.13hm2, of which 76.55hm2 is for site construction, with a total floor area of 269,000m2. The core area of Yanqing Competition Zone is focused on the construction of two competition venues (National Alpine Skiing Center and National Sliding Center), two non-competition venues (Yanqing Winter Olympic Village and Yanqing Mountain Service Center), as well as a large amount of supporting infrastructure, making it the most challenging of the Winter Olympic competition zones.

▼延庆赛区渲染图

Yanqing Zone (rendering)

作为北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会的重要遗产，延庆赛区功能定位围绕打造国际一流的高山滑雪中心、雪车雪橇中心和国家级雪上训练基地，树立体现绿色、生态、可持续发展理念的工程典范，以及建设北京区域性集山地冰雪运动、休闲旅游及冬奥主题公园为一体的服务空间展开。同时，延庆赛区面临四大挑战：1)场馆设计、建设、运行零经验，两个雪上竞赛场馆设计、建设高难度；2)高山、深谷、密林环境所带来的规划、建设、运行的极大挑战；3)环境、生态敏感和经济不发达地区的综合考量；4)冬奥会高标准的赛事要求、体育与文化的融合要求及向世界展现中国文化的窗口建设要求。

As an important legacy of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games, the functional positioning of Yanqing is centered on creating an international first-class alpine skiing center, sliding center, and national-level snow training base. It is also establishing an engineering example that reflects the concept of green, ecological and sustainable development. The aim is to build a regional Beijing service space that integrates mountain ice and snow sports, leisure tourism, and a Winter Olympic theme park. At the same time, the Yanqing Competition Zone faces four significant challenges: 1) zero experience in the design, construction, and operation of the two competition venues; 2) the high mountains, deep valleys and dense forests pose significant challenges to planning, construction, and operation; 3) comprehensive consideration of the environment, ecological sensitivity, and economically underdeveloped areas; 4) the high standard required for the Winter Olympic Games, the integration of sport and culture, and the requirement to showcase Chinese culture to the world.

▼延庆赛区总图

Yanqing Zone – Master plan

延庆赛区总体规划设计围绕“山林场馆，生态冬奥”，亦即“山林掩映中的场馆群+绿色生态可持续冬奥”的理念展开——通过建筑设计、景观设计和赛道设计的联合创新，力图打造具有里程碑意义的赛事场馆，最大程度丰富运动员的参赛体验、提升观众的观赛感受；最大限度减少工程建设对既有自然环境的扰动，使建筑景观与自然有机结合，在满足精彩奥运赛事要求的基础上，力图建设一个融于自然山林中的绿色冬奥赛区；同时注重奥运遗产的长期良性利用和运营，延续并保持延庆所拥有的独特的地质遗迹、历史人文和生态环境资源，践行可持续发展理念。

The proposed concept of “Mountain forest venues, Ecological Winter Olympics” means that a cluster of venues surrounded by mountains and forests for a green and ecologically sustainable Winter Olympics. The joint innovation of architectural design, landscape design, sliding track design as well as piste design creates a landmark event venue. The Yanqing Competition Zone attempts to be integrated with nature in order to maximizing the athlete’s participation experience, enhancing the audience’s experience of watching the game, and minimizing the disturbance to the existing natural environment. On the basis of meeting the requirements of the exciting Olympic events, it seeks to build a green Winter Olympic zone that blends in with the natural mountains and forests. Meanwhile, it focuses on the long-term beneficial use and operation of the Olympic legacy, continuing and maintaining the unique geological heritage, historical and cultural, and ecological resources that Yanqing possesses, and practicing the concept of sustainable development.

▼延庆赛区整体立面

Yanqing Zone – Elevation

经过2017~2021近四年的设计和建设，延庆赛区的规划、场馆及配套设施及“山林场馆，生态冬奥”理念已成功完成落地实施，准备迎接北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会的到来和赛后的长期运营以及社会各界的体验和评价。“山林场馆，生态冬奥”理念在延庆赛区的落实，是对冬奥会“绿色办奥”理念的体现，是对国际社会及《奥林匹克2020议程》可持续理念的体现，是中国国家生态发展理念的体现，也是强调自然与人工互成相生的中国文化理念的体现。

After nearly four years of design and construction from 2017 to 2021, the venue planning and supporting facilities of the Yanqing Competition Zone and the concept of “Mountain Forest Venue, Ecological Winter Olympics” have been successfully implemented. The venue is ready for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games and Winter Paralympic Games, the long-term operation after the games, as well as the experience and evaluation of the community. The concept of “mountain forest venues, ecological Winter Olympics” in Yanqing is maintained by implementing a Green Olympics strategy according to the practices of the international community, and the sustainable concepts of the Olympic Agenda 2020. It is also a powerful manifestation of China’s national ecological development philosophy and reflects the Chinese cultural concept of the interplay between the natural and the artificial.

▼俯瞰雪车雪橇中心

Aerial view to the sliding center

“雪飞燕”——国家高山滑雪中心
"Snow flying swallow" -- National alpine skiing Center

高山滑雪项目被誉为“冬奥会皇冠上的明珠”，包括滑降、回转、大回转、超级大回转、全能及混合团体合计11个小项。国家高山滑雪中心位于小海坨山南侧中高海拔区域，高程分布自1041m至2198m，赛道拥有近900m 落差，近 3km 坡面长度，创造山脊、山林、山槽、山湾、跳跃、峡谷等各种环境差异并存的赛道。

Alpine skiing is the jewel in the crown of the Winter Olympics, with 11 disciplines, including Downhill, Slalom, Giant Slalom, Super-G, Combined Events, and Team Events. The National Alpine Skiing Center is located in the middle-high altitude area on the south side of Xiaohaituo Mountain, with an altitude ranging from 1041m to 2198m. The piste has a drop of nearly 900m and a slope length of nearly 3km, which arises from various ridges, forests, chutes, bays, jumps, and gorges.

▼延庆赛区国家高山滑雪中心全景

National Alpine Skiing Center, overall view

服务于高山赛事的雪道系统和配套服务设施较为复杂，主要建设内容包括3条竞赛雪道、4条训练雪道、联系雪道、技术道路及一条利用施工道路改造而成的沿山谷滑行下山长达约4.5km的回村雪道，和高山集散广场 (含媒体转播区)、山顶出发区、竞速结束区、竞技结束区和中间平台等，以及配套的山体工程、索道系统、造雪系统、技术道路和车行道路系统。

The piste system and infrastructure are complex and include three competition pistes, four training pistes, connecting pistes, technical roads, and a 4.5km long returning piste down the valley that is transformed from the construction road. Meanwhile, The National Alpine Skiing Center also built a concourse with media compound included, Peak Departure Area, Technical Finish Area, Speed Finish Area, and Middle Platform, as well as supporting mountainous projects, ropeway systems, snowmaking systems and technical roads and vehicle road systems.

▼高山滑雪中心总平面图

Master plan

国家高山滑雪中心用地面积432.4hm2，总建筑面积约4.32万m2。由南区冬奥村西侧的索道及高山摆渡大巴停车场出发，沿着曲折狭窄的山谷向东北方向行进约7.6km可抵达高山滑雪区域，各主要功能区以珠链式布局散落在狭长险峻的山谷中。位于小海坨山最高点的山顶出发区 (含索道站)，不仅作为竞速、竞技比赛与训练的最高出发区，同时也将成为永久性的高山旅游观光目的地，建筑形象犹如一只凌空于山顶的巨大风筝。中间平台既是一个重要的索道换乘中心，又提供了绝佳的高山竞速比赛拍摄点。

The National Alpine Skiing Center covers an area of 432.4ha, with a total construction area of about 43,200 m2 [3]. The alpine skiing area can be reached from the ropeway and alpine ferry bus parking area on the west side of the Yanqing Winter Olympic Village in the southern area. The route follows a narrow and winding valley in a north-easterly direction for approximately 7.6km. The main functional areas are scattered in a pearl chain layout in the narrow, steep valley, and located around the Peak Departure Area (including the Gondola Station) at the highest point of Xiaohaituo Mountain, which will serve not only as the highest Start Area for speed and technical competitions, but also a permanent alpine tourism destination. The building is like a vast kite being flown on the top of the mountain. The Middle Platform is a vital transfer center for the ropeway and provides an excellent location for filming the alpine skiing speed competition.

▼从赛道出发区俯瞰竞速雪道、中间平台、竞技结束区 (远景为国家雪车雪橇中心)

Aerial view to the pistes, the Middle Platform and the Technical Finish Area from the Departure Area (with the National Sliding Center in the background)

▼山顶出发区鸟瞰

Aerial view to the Peak Departure Area

高山滑雪场馆规划设计采用了“顺形势”关键技术——使赛道设计与现状地形最大程度拟合：开挖土方工程量局部平衡、赛道土方量整体统筹调配、建设全过程设计跟踪调整、赛道与地形达到70% 坡度拟合度；高山滑雪的场馆设计重要特点是“弱介入”、“可逆式”、“装配化”——高山集散、媒体转播、各结束区等主要功能区，采取了依山就势，顺应地形等高线的板片式布局，由预制装配式结构架设成为不同高度的错落平台，形成的人工台地系统穿插叠落于山谷之中，弱化建筑形象，与山地环境相得益彰。

The planning and design of National Alpine Skiing Center adopts the key principle of adapting to the environment in order to maximize the fit of the piste design to the existing terrain. The amount of excavation work is partially balanced, the amount of earthwork for the piste is coordinated, the design is tracked throughout the construction process, and the piste is designed to fit the terrain at a 70% slope gradient. The key features of National Alpine Skiing Center are “weak intervention”, “reversible functional type”, and “assemble structural style”. The main functional areas, such as the concourse, media compound, and Finish Areas, are laid out in slabs that follow the contours of the terrain. The prefabricated structures are erected as staggered platforms of different heights, systematically interspersed throughout the valley, thus weakening the architectural image and complementing the mountain environment. The construction of the National Alpine Skiing Center is also characterized by the application of mountainous ecological restoration techniques such as topsoil stripping.

▼竞技结束区建筑及设施布局

Layout of the Technical Finish Area

▼集散广场及竞速结束区建筑及设施布局

Layout of the Speed Finish Area and the Concourse

国家高山滑雪中心在冬奥赛后，除赛道、训练道外，回村雪道和技术道路将转换为总长度达15.3km的大众雪道；各功能区将转换为中国国家队训练基地及高山滑雪山地运动中心、攀岩活动中心、滑索活动中心、景观游廊、山地游客中心等。

After the Winter Olympics, the returning piste, and the technical piste of the National Alpine Skiing Center will be converted into a 15.3km public piste, except for an area saved as competition and training pistes. Each functional area will be transformed into a training base for the Chinese national team, an Alpine Skiing and Mountain Sports Center, a Rock-climbing Activity Center, a Strop Activity Center, a Landscape Veranda, and a Mountain Visitor Center.

▼国家高山滑雪中心南侧远景

South view of national alpine skiing Center

▼由北向南俯瞰国家雪车雪橇中心

Aerial view to the National Sliding Center

国家雪车雪橇中心位于延庆赛区南区中部的一块北高南低的山脊坡地，高程分布自896m至1017m，赛道垂直落差121m，赛道长度1975m，设置16个弯道 (其中第11弯道为回旋弯)，最高速度135km/h，最大加速度4.9g，赛道设置5个出发区 (其中一个为大众体验使用)，赛道制冷采用环保节能效果最好的氨制冷系统。主要建设内容包括赛道、出发区、结束区、运行与后勤综合区、出发训练道(冰屋)及团队车库、制冷机房等。

The National Sliding Center is located in the middle of the southern part of the Yanqing Competition Zone, on a high north-south ridge. The altitude ranges from 896m to 1017m. The vertical drop of the track is 121m and the length of the track is 1975m, with 16 bends (bend 11 is spiral bend). The track has five start houses (one of them is for massive experiment), a maximum speed of 135km/h and a maximum acceleration of 4.9g. The track is cooled by the most environmentally friendly and energy-efficient ammonia refrigeration system. The main construction includes the track, Start House, Finish House, Operation and Logistic Compound, the start training track (push track), Team Garage, Refrigeration Plant, etc.

▼国家雪车雪橇中心轴测图

National Sliding Center – Axon

▼从冬奥村看蜿蜒的雪车雪橇中心

See the winding snowmobile center from the Winter Olympic Village

▼从赛道的屋顶步道看向出发区1、2、3

View to the Start House 1, 2 and 3 from the rooftop walk

▼出发区1内景：赛道与观众看台

Interior view of the Start House 1 : Track and spectator stands

▼出发区2外景

Exterior view of the Start House 2

国家雪车雪橇中心用地面积约18.69hm²，建筑面积5.26万m²，其赛道是国际雪车联合会认证的亚洲第三条、世界第17条雪车雪橇赛道。观众经由延庆冬奥村南侧的安检广场，转而向西，沿着山谷中900m塘坝上的宽阔步道及连接步行桥，抵达赛道下方的隧道口，“凌水穿山”，进入观众主广场。

The National Sliding Center has a site area of 18.69hm2 and a construction area of 52,600m2. Its track is the third in Asia and the 17th in the world to be certified by the International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation. The audience passes through the security inspection square on the south side of Yanqing Winter Olympic Village, turns to the west, follows the wide footpath on the 900m dam in the valley and the connecting pedestrian bridge, arrives at the tunnel entrance below the track, “Ling Shui Chuanshan”, and enters the main audience square.

▼螺旋弯北望出发区、结束区

View to the Start Houses and the Finish Houses

▼钢架雪车在螺旋弯赛道上飞驰

The Skeleton speeding around the spiral track

▼从赛道檐下看运营区、观众广场及螺旋弯

View to the Operation Compound and Audience plaza from the sheltered space of the track

▼悬挑于赛道之上的运营综合区

Operation and Logistic Compound hanging above the tracks

▼结束区观众席

spectator seats in the Finish House

国家雪车雪橇中心由赛道形状和遮阳设计带来的独特建筑形态，宛如一条游龙飞腾于山脊之上，使其成为具有突出标志性特征的场馆。雪车雪橇场馆设计的重要特点是研发并应用了地形气候保护系统TWPS (Terrain Weather Protection System)，解决了“南坡变北坡”的设计难题，其设计理念、技术实施路径和遮阳系统的生成与设计、钢木组合结构、屋面系统等专项技术及成果都达到世界领先水平。屋顶步道游廊设计使游客在观赛之余还可以沿长长的赛道回环攀升，登高望远，欣赏赛区美景。

The distinctive architectural form brought about by the track shape and shading structure design of National Sliding Center is like a dragon flying above the ridge, making it a venue with iconic features. An essential feature of the design of the National Sliding Center is the development and application of the Terrain Weather Protection System (TWPS), which solves the design problem of “the south slope changes into the north slope”. The design and application of the shading system, steel-wood composite structure, roofing system, and other unique technologies and achievements have reached the world’s top-level. The rooftop walk veranda allows visitors to watch the race while climbing high above the track, allowing them to admire the beautiful scenery of the competition area.

▼国家雪车雪橇中心西南方向鸟瞰

Aerial view to the National Sliding Center from southwest

▼从国家雪车雪橇中心眺望冬奥村雪景

Aerial view to the Olympic Village from the National Sliding Center

建设内容包括居住区、国际区和运营区，为运动员及随队官员提供1430床位 (不含另设的一个预留居住组团)。延庆冬奥村用地面积 11.2hm2，地上总建筑面积9.1万m²。运营区和国际区位于西侧地势较低的台地，居住区则位于东侧地势较高的台地，通过连续回环的车行道路及纵向开阖的人行步道组织在一起。

The construction includes a Residential Zone, International Zone, and Operational Zone, providing 1,430 beds for athletes and accompanying officials (excluding an additional reserved residential cluster). The Yanqing Winter Olympic Village has a site area of 11.2hm2 and a total above-ground floor area of 91,000 m². The Operational Zone and International Zone are located on the lower terraces to the west, while the Residential Zone is located on the higher terraces to the east. They are connected by continuous looping roads and longitudinally opened pedestrian walkways.

▼从车橇隧道入口东望冬奥村

View to the Olympic Village from the entrance to the sliding channel

▼从南侧北望冬奥村

View to the Olympic village from south

▼安检广场的保留树木

The preserved trees in the security square

▼冬奥村层叠的木瓦屋面

The shingle roof scape

▼山地新闻中心东北侧山体覆土

Aerial view to the Mountain Service Center

建筑采用半覆土式设计，依据原有山地北高南低的走势，建筑北部掩藏于山体地貌之下 (仅外露出主要大空间的屋顶天窗)，南端展露出层层退台，并形成景观步道和景观平台依次相连的山顶景观系统。建筑西侧设置半下沉式“大眼睛”形状的入口广场，通过门廊等人工界面整合重塑西侧的场地边界，并与周边山体形成自然衔接。

The building adopts a semi-covered soil design. The northern part of the building is concealed under the mountainous landform (only the roof skylight of the ample main space is exposed). The southern end is exposed layer by layer, forming a hilltop landscape system with a succession of landscaped walkways and platforms. A semi-sunken eye-shaped entrance plaza is located at the west of the building. The site boundary on the west side is reshaped through artificial interfaces such as portals and a natural connection with the surrounding hills.

▼山地新闻中心屋顶景观

Roof scape